Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

Income Taxes

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Income Taxes
 9 Months Ended
Sep. 30, 2023
Income Tax Disclosure [Abstract]  
Income Taxes Income Taxes
Income tax expense (benefit) and effective tax rates were as follows:
Three Months Ended September 30, Nine Months Ended
September 30,
2023 2022 2023 2022
(in thousands, except effective tax rate)
Income (loss) before income taxes $ 2,861  $ 23,585  $ (6,125) $ 60,843 
Income tax expense (benefit) 4,450  (69,704) 863  (68,456)
Effective tax rate 155.5  % (295.5) % (14.1) % (112.5) %

The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2023, differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to state taxes, non-deductible stock-based compensation expense, and U.S. tax on foreign operations partially offset by the recognition of stranded deferred taxes in accumulated comprehensive loss. The effective tax rate for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 differs from the federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the release of federal and state valuation allowances during the three months ended September 30, 2022 as discussed below, state taxes, and U.S. tax on foreign operations.
Prior to September 2022, the Company’s net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets were fully offset by a valuation allowance, excluding a portion of its deferred tax liabilities for tax deductible goodwill, primarily as a result of the Company’s lack of U.S. earnings history and cumulative loss position. The Company prepares a quarterly analysis of its deferred tax assets which considers positive and negative evidence, including its cumulative income (loss) position, revenue growth, continuing and improved profitability, and expectations regarding future profitability. Although the Company believes its estimates are reasonable, the ultimate determination of the appropriate amount of valuation allowance involves significant judgment.
During the three months ended September 30, 2022, the Company determined sufficient positive evidence existed to conclude that the U.S. deferred tax assets are more likely than not realizable. As a result, the Company released the valuation allowance attributed to the deferred tax assets associated with the Company’s operations in the U.S. during the third quarter of 2022. There is no change in assessment as of September 30, 2023.
On August 16, 2022, the “Inflation Reduction Act” (H.R. 5376) was signed into law in the United States. Among other things, the Act imposes a 15% corporate alternative minimum tax for tax years beginning after December 31, 2022, levies a 1% excise tax on net stock repurchases after December 31, 2022, and provides tax incentives to promote clean energy. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023, the Company recorded $1.1 million of excise tax related to share repurchases, which are recorded in Treasury stock on the Company’s
condensed consolidated balance sheets. The Company does not currently expect the Inflation Reduction Act to have a material impact on the condensed consolidated financial statements.