Organization, Basis of Presentation and Consolidation, and Significant Accounting Policies |
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Dec. 31, 2023 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Organization, Consolidation and Presentation of Financial Statements [Abstract] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Organization, Basis of Presentation and Consolidation, and Significant Accounting Policies | Organization, Basis of Presentation and Consolidation, and Significant Accounting Policies Organization
Description of Business
HireRight GIS Group Holdings, LLC (“HGGH”) was formed in July 2018 and on October 15, 2021, converted into a Delaware corporation and changed its name to HireRight Holdings Corporation (“HireRight” or the “Company”). In conjunction with the conversion, all of HGGH’s outstanding equity interests were converted into shares of common stock of HireRight Holdings Corporation. The conversion and related transactions are referred to herein as the “Corporate Conversion.” The Corporate Conversion did not affect the assets and liabilities of HGGH, which became the assets and liabilities of HireRight Holdings Corporation.
The Company is a leading global provider of technology-driven workforce risk management and compliance solutions, providing comprehensive background screening, verification, identification, monitoring, and drug and health screening services for customers across the globe, predominantly under the HireRight brand.
Initial Public Offering
On November 2, 2021, the Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”), in which the Company issued 22,222,222 shares of its common stock. The shares began trading on the New York Stock Exchange on October 29, 2021 under the symbol “HRT.” The shares were sold at an IPO price of $19.00 per share for net proceeds of $393.5 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $23.2 million and other offering costs payable by the Company of $5.5 million. On November 30, 2021, the Company issued an additional 2,424 shares pursuant to the partial exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares for net proceeds of an immaterial amount.
Merger Agreement with Principal Stockholders
On December 11, 2023, the Company announced the receipt of a non-binding proposal from General Atlantic, L.P. and Stone Point Capital LLC and their respective affiliated funds (collectively, the “Principal Stockholders”) to acquire all of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock that are not already owned by the Principal Stockholders for $12.75 in cash per share. The Principal Stockholders collectively owned approximately 75.2% of the Company’s outstanding common stock as of the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.
On February 15, 2024, the Company entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (the “Merger Agreement”) with Hearts Parent, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“Parent”) and Hearts Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and wholly owned subsidiary of Parent (“Merger Sub”), providing for the merger of Merger Sub with and into the Company, with the Company continuing as the surviving corporation. A special committee (the “Special Committee”) of independent and disinterested members of the Company’s board of directors (the “Company Board”) unanimously adopted resolutions recommending that the Company Board approve the Merger Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby and recommend that the Company’s Stockholders approve and adopt the Merger Agreement. Thereafter, the Company Board unanimously approved the Merger Agreement and resolved to recommend that the stockholders of the Company adopt the Merger Agreement. The Agreement states that each share of Company common stock outstanding as of the effective time of the merger will be cancelled and extinguished and automatically converted into the right to receive cash in an amount equal to $14.35.
The Merger Agreement contains certain customary termination rights, including, without limitation, a right for either party to terminate if the transaction is not completed by 11:59 p.m. Eastern time on August 15, 2024. Termination under specified circumstances will require the Company to pay the Parent a termination fee of $30 million or Parent to pay the Company a termination fee of $65 million, plus in either case enforcement costs not to exceed $2 million.
The Consummation of the Merger is subject to various conditions, including but not limited to (i) affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of all of the outstanding shares of Company common stock to adopt the Merger
Agreement; and (ii) the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the outstanding shares of Company common stock held by the Unaffiliated Company Stockholders to adopt the Merger Agreement.
There can be no assurance that the Merger Agreement or any related transaction will be consummated, or as to the terms of any such transaction.
Income Tax Receivable Agreement
In connection with the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”), the Company entered into an income tax receivable agreement (“TRA”), which provides for the payment by the Company over a period of approximately 12 years to pre-IPO equityholders or their permitted transferees 85% of the benefits, if any, that the Company and its subsidiaries realize, or are deemed to realize (calculated using certain assumptions) in U.S. federal, state, and local income tax savings as a result of the utilization (or deemed utilization) of certain existing tax attributes. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company had a total liability of $211.0 million and $210.5 million respectively, in connection with the projected obligations under the TRA, for which annual payments will begin in the first quarter of 2024. TRA related liabilities are classified as current or non-current based on the expected date of payment and are included on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets under the captions accrued expenses and other current liabilities and tax receivable agreement liability, long-term portion, respectively. See Note 9 — Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities for further details related to the current portion of the TRA liability.
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements include the Company’s accounts and those of its wholly and majority-owned subsidiaries presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Significant Accounting Policies
Business Combinations
On July 3, 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of a controlling equity interest in a privately-held company. See Note 3 — Business Combinations for additional information. Business combinations are accounted for under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805—Business Combinations, using the acquisition method of accounting under which all acquired tangible and identifiable intangible assets and assumed liabilities and applicable noncontrolling interests are recognized at fair value as of the respective acquisition date, while the costs associated with the acquisition of a business are expensed as incurred.
The allocation of purchase consideration requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to identifiable intangible assets. These estimates can include, but are not limited to, a market participant’s expectation of future cash flows from acquired platforms, acquired trade names, useful lives of acquired assets, and discount rates. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable. As a result, actual results may differ from such estimates.
Noncontrolling Interest
As a result of the Company’s acquisition of a majority interest in a privately-held company on July 3, 2023, the Company’s consolidated financial statements present noncontrolling interest. Noncontrolling interest represents the portion of profit or loss, comprehensive profit or loss, and net assets of the acquired company that are not allocable to the Company. See Note 3 — Business Combinations for additional information.
Use of Estimates
Preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that affect the amounts reported and disclosed in the financial statements. The Company believes that the estimates, judgments, and assumptions used to determine certain amounts that affect the financial statements are reasonable based upon information available at the time they are made. The Company uses such estimates, judgments, and assumptions when accounting for items and matters such as, but not limited to, the allowance for credit losses, customer rebates, impairment assessments and charges, recoverability of long-lived assets, deferred tax assets, lease accounting, uncertain tax positions, income tax expense, liabilities under the TRA, derivative instruments, fair value of debt, stock-based compensation expense, useful lives assigned to long-lived assets, the allocation of purchase consideration and the stand-alone selling price of performance obligations for revenue recognition purposes. Results and outcomes could differ materially from these estimates, judgments, and assumptions due to risks and uncertainties.
Segment Reporting
The Company determines its operating segments based on how the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) manages the business, allocates resources, makes operating decisions and evaluates operating performance. The Company’s Chief Executive Officer is the Company’s CODM. The Company’s operating segments may not be comparable to similar companies in similar industries. The Company operates in one reportable segment.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Due to the short maturity of these investments, the carrying values on the consolidated balance sheets approximate fair value. Fair value for cash and cash equivalents are Level 1 on the fair value hierarchy discussed below. Cash is held in highly-rated financial institutions.
Restricted Cash
Restricted cash represents cash that is not immediately available for general use due to certain legal requirements. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had restricted cash of $1.1 million, held in escrow for the benefit of former creditors to an affiliate of the Company pursuant to the terms of the divestiture by such affiliate of a subsidiary in April 2018, which was paid during the year ended December 31, 2023.
Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Credit Losses
The Company makes ongoing estimates related to the collectability of its accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for expected credit losses resulting from the assessment of uncollectible accounts and records accounts receivable at net realizable value. The Company’s estimates are based on a variety of factors, including the length of time receivables are past due, economic trends and conditions affecting its customer base, significant non-recurring events, and historical write-off experience. Changes to the allowance for credit losses are adjusted through credit loss expense, which is included in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.
Deferred Offering Costs
Prior to the IPO, the Company capitalized offering costs incurred in connection with the anticipated sale of common stock in the IPO. Deferred offering costs consist of certain legal, accounting, and other IPO-related costs. Upon completion of the IPO in 2021 and the partial exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional shares, $5.5 million of deferred offering costs were reclassified from prepaid expenses and other current assets to
stockholders’ equity as a reduction of the proceeds received by the Company on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization are computed using the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives, which are periodically reviewed. Leasehold improvements are stated at cost and amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated economic useful lives or the lease term, whichever is shorter. The Company’s lease terms range from 1 to 12 years. The estimated useful lives for significant components of property and equipment are as follows:
The useful lives are estimated based on historical experience with similar assets and consider anticipated technological changes. The Company periodically reviews these lives relative to physical factors, economic factors, and industry trends. If there are changes in the planned use of property and equipment or technological changes occur more rapidly than anticipated, the useful lives assigned may be adjusted resulting in a change in depreciation and amortization expense recognition or write-offs in the period in which such changes occur.
Expenditures for major renewals and betterments that extend the useful lives or capabilities of property and equipment are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated useful lives. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. When assets are sold or otherwise disposed of, the cost and the related accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the consolidated balance sheets and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
Leases
The Company leases office facilities under operating lease agreements. All of the Company’s leases are operating leases. The Company made an accounting policy election not to recognize right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less. For all other leases, the Company recognizes ROU assets and lease liabilities based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date of the lease (or January 1, 2022 for existing leases upon the adoption of Topic 842). Lease payments may include fixed rent escalation clauses or payments that depend on an index (such as the consumer price index). Subsequent changes to an index and any other periodic market-rate adjustments to base rent are recorded in variable lease expense in the period incurred. The ROU assets also include any initial direct costs incurred and lease payments made at or before the commencement date and are reduced by any lease incentives.
The Company accounts for lease and non-lease components in its contracts as a single lease component. The non-lease components typically represent additional services transferred to the Company, such as common area maintenance for real estate, which are variable in nature and recorded in variable lease expense in the period incurred.
The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate which is the rate of interest the Company would have to pay to borrow on a collateralized basis over a similar term and amount in a similar economic environment to determine the present value of lease payments as the Company’s leases do not have a readily determinable implicit discount rate. Judgment is applied in assessing factors such as Company specific credit risk, lease term, nature and quality of the underlying collateral, currency, and economic environment in determining the incremental borrowing rate to apply to each lease.
Cease-use Liabilities
The Company periodically identifies opportunities for cost savings through office consolidations or by exit from certain underutilized facilities. Cease-use costs represent lease obligation charges and executory costs for exited facilities. The Company accounts for cease-use costs pursuant to guidance under ASC 420, Costs Related to Exit or Disposal Activities. Charges related to these cease-use costs are estimated based on the discounted future cash flows of rent expense and executory costs that the Company is obligated to pay under the lease agreements, partially offset by projected sublease income, which is calculated based on certain sublease assumptions. To the extent our assessment of such assumptions changes, the change in estimate is recorded in the period in which the determination is made.
Intangible Assets, Net
Intangible assets are carried at amortized cost. Such assets primarily consist of acquired contractual relationships, trade names, customer relationships, databases, internally-developed software, and biometric screening platform. Amortization is recorded using the straight-line method using estimated useful lives of the assets as shown below:
Intangible asset amortization expense is included in depreciation and amortization expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company periodically reassesses the remaining useful lives of its intangible assets.
Developed Software-For Internal Use
The Company’s technology platform comprises a set of software-based systems and databases that work together in support of the specific risk management and compliance objectives of the Company’s customers. The Company’s customers and applicants access the Company’s global platform through HireRight Screening Manager and HireRight Applicant Center. The Company’s platform integrates through the HireRight Connect application programming interface (“API”) with third-party human capital management (“HCM”) systems, including Ceridian, iCIMS, Oracle, UKG and Workday. The Company’s capitalized software development costs relate primarily to development of enterprise resource and order management software, and also the Company’s self-service system for customers through backgroundchecks.com.
Developed software costs, including employee costs and costs incurred by third-parties, are capitalized as intangible assets during the application development stage. Costs incurred during subsequent efforts to significantly upgrade or enhance the functionality of the software are also capitalized. Software costs, including training and maintenance costs, incurred during the preliminary project and post implementation stages are expensed as incurred. The useful lives noted in the table above are estimated based on historical experience and anticipated technological changes. If there are changes in the planned use of developed software or technological changes occur more rapidly than anticipated, the useful lives assigned may be adjusted resulting in a change in amortization expense recognition or write-offs in the period in which such changes occur. Amortization of software costs are recorded in depreciation and amortization in the consolidated statements of operations and begins once the project is substantially complete and the software is ready for its intended use.
Implementation Costs Incurred in Cloud Computing Arrangements
For cloud computing arrangements that are a service contract, the Company capitalizes certain implementation costs incurred, including employee costs and third-party costs, during the application development stage, and
expenses costs as incurred during the preliminary project and post-implementation stages. Capitalized implementation costs are expensed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life. Capitalized amounts related to such arrangements are recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets and within cloud computing software, net in the consolidated balance sheets and amortized to selling, general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statement of operations.
Long-Lived Assets
The carrying values of definite-lived long-lived assets, which include property and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization, are evaluated for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of such assets may not be recoverable. If an indication of impairment is present, the Company compares the operating performance and future undiscounted cash flows of the assigned asset or asset groups to the underlying carrying value. Charges for impairment losses are recorded if the sum of expected undiscounted future cash flows is less than the carrying value of an asset or asset group. Any necessary write-downs are treated as permanent reductions in the carrying amount of the assets.
For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $1.2 million impairment of cloud computing software which is included in in the consolidated statements of operations. For the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021, the Company did not identify any indicators of impairment, and hence no impairments of long-lived assets were recorded.
Goodwill
Goodwill is the excess of the purchase price paid over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business combination and reflects expected benefits, such as synergies, the ability to access new markets or other favorable impacts. The Company evaluates goodwill for potential impairment annually on the last day of the fourth fiscal quarter, or more frequently if a triggering event has occurred. Significant judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators include a decline in expected cash flows, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, unanticipated competition, or slower growth rates, lower stock price, among others.
In testing goodwill for impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events or circumstances, the Company determines it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then additional impairment testing is not required. However, if the Company concludes otherwise, it proceeds to a quantitative assessment. If the net book value of the reporting unit’s assets exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value, the goodwill is written down by such excess.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, no impairments of goodwill were recorded.
Derivatives and Hedging Activities
The Company is exposed to variability in future cash flows resulting from fluctuations in interest rates related to its variable rate debt. The Company used interest rate swaps through February 18, 2022, the date the interest rate swaps were terminated, to manage the level of exposure to the risk of fluctuations in interest rates. Prior to termination, the Company designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges of forecasted variable rate interest payments on certain U.S. dollar denominated debt principal balances. The Company recognized all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets.
For derivative instruments that were designated and qualified as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of the gain or loss on such derivative instruments is reported as a component of other comprehensive (loss) income and reclassified into interest expense in the same period or periods during which the hedged debt affects earnings. Following the terminations, unrealized gains related to the terminated interest rate swap agreements included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) will be reclassified to earnings as reductions to interest expense
through December 31, 2023. Gains and losses on the derivative instruments representing hedge ineffectiveness are recognized in current earnings. The Company had no hedge ineffectiveness at February 18, 2022, the date of termination, and for the years ended December 31, 2022, and 2021.
For further information on the termination of the interest rate swap agreements, see “Note 12 — Derivative Instruments.”
Contingencies
The Company is periodically exposed to various contingencies in the ordinary course of conducting its business, including certain litigation, contractual disputes, employee relations matters, various tax or other governmental audits, and trademark and intellectual property matters and disputes. The Company records a liability for such contingencies to the extent that their occurrence is probable and the related losses are estimable. If it is reasonably possible that an unfavorable settlement of a contingency could exceed the established liability, the Company discloses the estimated impact on its liquidity, financial condition, and results of operations. As the ultimate resolution of contingencies is inherently unpredictable, these assessments can involve judgments about future events including, but not limited to, court rulings, negotiations between affected parties, and governmental actions. As a result, the accounting for loss contingencies relies heavily on management’s judgment in developing the related estimates and assumptions. See Note 15 — Commitments and Contingent Liabilities and Note 16 — Legal Proceedings for additional information regarding the Company’s contingencies and legal proceedings.
Treasury Stock
The Company accounts for common stock repurchases as treasury stock under the cost method and presents the cost as a component of stockholders’ equity in the consolidated balance sheets. Repurchased shares are held as treasury stock until such time as they are retired or re-issued. The Company did not reissue nor cancel treasury stock during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Revenue Recognition
The Company records revenue based on a five-step model in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). For the Company’s contracts with customers, the Company identifies the performance obligations, determines the transaction price, allocates the contract consideration to the performance obligations utilizing the standalone selling price (“SSP”) of each performance obligation, and recognizes revenue when the performance obligation is satisfied.
The Company’s revenues are primarily derived from contracts to provide services. The Company considers the nature of these contracts and the types of services provided when it determines the proper accounting method for a particular contract. The Company transfers control and records revenue upon completion of the performance obligation. The Company’s contracts generally do not include any obligations for returns, refunds, or similar obligations, nor does the Company have a practice of granting significant concessions. The Company extends commercial credit terms to its customers, which may vary by contract and customer. The Company’s customer contracts do not have any significant financing components as payment is received at or shortly after the point of sale.
The Company may provide rebate incentives, which are accounted for as variable consideration when determining the amount of revenue to recognize. Rebate incentives are estimated as revenue is earned and updated at the end of each reporting period if additional information becomes available. The Company uses the most likely amount method to determine that the variable consideration is properly constrained. Changes to the Company’s estimated variable consideration were not material for the periods presented. The Company classifies its rebate incentives in accrued expenses and other current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.
For additional information regarding Revenue see Note 17 — Revenues.
Costs to Obtain Contracts with Customers
Costs to obtain contracts with customers primarily consist of sales commissions paid to the Company’s sales force, which are based on commissionable revenue from background screening reports that the Company provides to its customers. The Company has elected the practical expedient in ASC 340-40 - “Other Assets and Deferred Costs”, which states the Company may recognize the incremental costs of obtaining a contract as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the asset that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less.
Costs to Fulfill Contracts with Customers
The Company recognizes an asset, presented as contract implementation costs within the consolidated balance sheets, for the incremental costs to fulfill contracts with customers, including, for example, salaries and wages incurred to set up the customer and service offerings integrated in its platform. Significant judgment is required to determine whether expenses are incremental and can be specifically identified, whether the costs enhance resources that will be used in satisfying future performance obligations, whether the costs are expected to be recoverable, and the period over which future benefit is expected to be derived. The Company generally amortizes these costs on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit, which has been determined to be approximately seven years. The expected period of benefit was determined by taking into consideration the expected life of customer contracts and the useful life of the Company’s technology. See Note 4 — Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets, and Other Non-Current Assets for further information.
Cost of Services
The Company incurs costs in the creation, compilation and delivery of its services and service offerings, which are referred to as cost of services. Cost of services primarily consist of data acquisition expenses, cost of direct labor to collect, compile and prepare background screening reports, and expenses to deliver the reports to customers. The Company incurs expenses to acquire data from multiple sources in the completion of its services, such as data from third-party providers, various governmental jurisdictions such as county level court records, educational institutions, public record sources and various other data sources. Cost of services does not include depreciation and amortization expenses.
Stock-Based Compensation
The Company measures the cost of services received in exchange for stock-based awards, including stock options, restricted stock awards, and restricted stock units, granted to employees, directors, and non-employees, based on the estimated fair value of the awards on the date of grant. The Company recognizes that cost over the period during which an individual is required to provide service in exchange for the award, usually the vesting period. Performance-based stock options, granted by the Company prior to the IPO, were earned based upon the Company’s performance against specified levels of cash-on-cash return to the Company’s investors as a multiple of invested capital (“MOIC”) on their investments in the Company. Compensation expense was updated for the Company’s expected performance targets at the end of each reporting period.
The Company estimated the fair value of performance-based stock options granted pre-IPO using the Monte Carlo simulation method and for stock options granted in conjunction with and post-IPO using the Black-Scholes pricing model. For performance-based restricted stock units, the expense is based on the grant date fair value of the stock, recognized over a service period depending upon the applicable performance condition. For performance-based restricted stock units, the Company re-assesses the probability of achieving the applicable performance condition each reporting period and adjusts the recognition of expense accordingly. The fair value of restricted stock units is based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. Stock-based compensation expense is included as a component of cost of services (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) and selling, general and administrative expenses.
The Monte Carlo simulation method incorporates assumptions as to equity-share price, volatility, the expected term of awards, a risk-free interest rate and dividend yield. In valuing awards, significant judgment is required in
determining the expected volatility and the expected term of the awards. The Black-Scholes pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the estimated fair value of the Company’s common stock, the expected life of the options, stock price volatility, which is determined based on the historical volatilities of several publicly listed peer companies as the Company has only a short trading history for its common stock, the risk-free interest rate and expected dividends. The assumptions used in the Company’s Black-Scholes option-pricing model represent management’s estimates and involve numerous variables, uncertainties and assumptions and the application of management’s judgment, as they are inherently subjective.
Income Taxes
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are estimated based on enacted tax laws in the jurisdictions where the Company conducts business. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities represent future tax benefits or obligations of the Company’s legal entities. These deferred income tax balances arise from temporary differences due to divergent treatment of certain items for accounting and income tax purposes.
Deferred income tax assets are evaluated to ensure that estimated future taxable income will be sufficient in character, amount, and timing to result in the use of the deferred income tax assets. “Character” refers to the type (capital gain vs. ordinary income) as well as the source (foreign vs. domestic) of the income generated. “Timing” refers to the period in which future income is expected to be generated. Timing is important because net operating losses (“NOLs”) and other tax attributes in certain jurisdictions expire if not used within an established statutory time frame. Based on these evaluations, the Company determines whether it is more likely than not that expected future earnings will be sufficient to use its deferred tax assets. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined sufficient positive evidence existed to conclude that the U.S. deferred tax assets are more likely than not realizable. See Note 18 — Income Taxes for additional information regarding the Company’s deferred income tax assets.
Judgments and estimates are required to determine income tax expense and deferred income tax valuation allowances and in assessing exposures related to income tax matters. The effect of a change in income tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the year in which the income tax rate change is enacted. Interest and penalties related to uncertain income tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related income tax benefits are recognized.
The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions by recognizing a tax benefit or liability at the largest amount that, in its judgment, is more than 50% likely to be realized or paid based on the technical merits of the position. The Company does not provide for income taxes on the undistributed earnings or losses of its non-U.S. subsidiaries. Management intends that undistributed earnings will be indefinitely reinvested. The Company records deferred income taxes on the temporary differences between the book and tax basis in domestic subsidiaries where required.
Fair Value Measurements
The accounting standard for fair value measurements defines fair value, establishes a market-based framework or hierarchy for measuring fair value, and requires disclosures about fair value measurements. The standard is applicable whenever assets and liabilities are measured at fair value.
The fair value hierarchy established in the standard prioritizes the inputs used in valuation techniques into three levels as follows:
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
The Company’s outstanding debt instruments are recorded at their carrying values in the consolidated balance sheets, which may differ from their respective fair values. The estimated fair value of the Company’s debt, which is Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, is based on quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or identical instruments in markets that are not active. See Note 11 — Debt for more information for fair value disclosures related to the Company’s debt.
The Company’s derivative instruments, all of which the Company terminated during the quarter ended March 31, 2022, consisted of interest rate swap contracts which were Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. See Note 12 — Derivative Instruments for more information.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s cash balances are placed with highly-rated financial institutions. Such cash balances may be in excess of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits. Concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the large number of customers comprising the Company’s customer base and their dispersion across many different industries and geographic regions. The Company generally does not require collateral to support accounts receivable. See Note 17 — Revenues for further information.
The Company’s interest-bearing borrowings are subject to interest rate risk.
Foreign Currency
The Company’s consolidated financial statements are reported in United States dollars (“USD”). Changes in foreign currency exchange rates have a direct effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements because the Company translates the operating results and financial position of its foreign subsidiaries to USD using current period foreign exchange rates. As a result, comparisons of reported results between reporting periods may be impacted due to differences in the exchange rates in effect at those times.
The functional currencies of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are the currency of the primary economic environment in which its subsidiaries operate, generate and expend cash, and consist primarily of the Euro, the Pound Sterling and the Polish Zloty. The statement of operations of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into USD using the average exchange rates for each reporting period. The balance sheets of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries are translated into USD using the period-end exchange rates. The resulting differences are recorded in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income as a currency translation adjustment.
Correction of Immaterial Misstatement
During the third quarter of 2021, the Company determined that there were immaterial errors in its historical financial statements. The errors resulted in understatement of goodwill, provision for income taxes, and deferred tax liability and overstatement of prepaid expenses and other current assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company evaluated the effect of these errors on prior periods under the guidance of the Securities Exchange Commission Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) No. 99 - Materiality, and determined the amounts were not material to any previously issued financial statements. The Company corrected these misstatements with an out-of-period adjustment during the third quarter of 2021.
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